Textile wet processing
Textile wet
processing is one of the major streams in textile engineering refers to textile
chemical processing and applied science. It is usually done on the manufactured
assembly of interlacing fibers, filaments, or yarns having a substantial
surface area in relation to their thickness, and adequate mechanical strength to
give them a cohesive structure. An alternative way to say, the wet process is
done on manufactured fabric. The processes of this stream are carried out in an
aqueous stage and thus it is called a wet process which usually covers
pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing. All of these stages are required an aqueous medium that is created by water. A massive amount of water is required
in these processes per day. It is estimated that, on average, almost 100-110
liter of water is used to process only 1 kg of textile goods. Water can be of
various qualities and attributes. Not all water can be used in the textile
process, it must have certain characteristics, quality, color, and properties
to be used in the textile process. That is why water is concerned with wet
processing.
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| Textile wet processing |
Various type of dyeing process
Dyeing
is the process of adding color to textile products such as fiber, yarn, and
textiles. It is usually made in a special solution containing dyes and certain
chemical ingredients. Dye molecules have an unnecessary chemical bond with the
fiber molecules after dyeing. Temperature and time control pigmentation are the
two main factors. There are basically four classes of writing, all types of
writing are as follows-
Solution dyeing
Solution
dyeing is also called doping or span dyeing, the process of adding pigment to a
spinning product before extruding the solution through a spinneret. Only the
fibers produced can be dyed with a solution. It is used for solid to dye fibers
such as olefin fibers and for dye fibers for the final color that require
excellent coloring properties. As color pigments become part of the fiber,
soluble pigments have colorlessness in the case of light, wash, abrasion,
perspiration, and bleach. Dyeing at the solution stage is more expensive, as
the equipment has to be thoroughly cleaned each time a different color is
produced. Thus, the variety of colors and shades produced is limited. Besides,
it’s hard to stock inventory for each color. Color decisions should be made
early in the manufacturing process. Thus, this stage of coloring is not usually
used for clothing.
Gel dyeing
The
filament fibers that are made using the wet spinning method can be dyed while
the fibers are still in the frozen bath. This method is known as gel dyeing
because the fibers are still soft. This technique is known as gel dyeing.
Fiber dyeing
Different
types of dyeing are done for dyeing fiber. The names indicate the stage on
which the fiber is drawn, which includes all three broad sections of fiber
dyeing.
Stock
dyeing is the dyeing of raw fibers, also called stock, before they are aligned,
blended, and cut into yarns.
In
order to straighten the short strands and remove them, the top dyeing is done
to make the wool fibers of worse color. This stage is known as the wool fiber
top. Top dyeing is preferred for bad fur because the dye does not have to be
wasted on the small fibers removed during the attachment process.
To dye the filament fibers before cutting them into short-staple fibers.
At this stage, the filament fibers are known as tow.
The
penetration of the dye in the fiber dye is great, so the amount of dye to dye
at this stage is even greater. Fiber dyeing is comparatively more expensive
than yarn, fabric, and product dyeing. The decision about color selection
should be made early in the production process. Fiber dyeing is commonly used
to dye wool and other fibers that are used to make yarn with two or more dyes.
Fibers for tweed and fabric with a “heather” look are often fibrous colored.
Yarn dyeing
There
are different types of yarn-dyed. Common forms are package form and hank form.
Cotton yarns are mostly dyed in package form, and acrylic or wool yarn is dyed
in hank form. In the uninterrupted filament industry, polyester or polyamide
yarns are always dyed in package form, while viscose rayon yarns are dyed
partly in hank form due to technology.
Fabric dyeing
This
is also called piece dyeing, it is fabric dyeing after making. This is the most
common method of dyeing economical and solid-colored fabrics. The color
decision can be made after the fabric is made. Thus, it is suitable for quick
response orders. Dye penetrations on solid fabrics may not be good, so yarn dyeing
is sometimes used to dye on solid fabrics. Different types of dyeing machines
are used to color the pieces. Equipment selection is based on factors such as
dyes and fabric properties, cost, and intended end-use.
Union dyeing
It
is a technique of dyeing where two or more types of fibers or yarns are in the
same shade to achieve the appearance of the solid color fabric. Fabrics can be
dyed using a single or multiple step or process. Union dyeing is commonly used
to dye fabrics and blends of fabrics commonly used for clothing and home
furniture.
Cross dyeing
Cross-dyeing
is a process of dyeing blends or blending fabrics in two or more shades using
different affinity dyes with different fibers. The cross-dyeing process can be
used to create heather effects and to create plaid, check, or striped fabrics.
Cross-dyed fabrics can be mistaken for fiber or yarn-dyed materials because the
fabric is not a solid color, considered a feature of piece-dyed fabrics. It is
not possible to make a visible distinction between cross-dyed fabrics and dyed
fabrics at the fiber or yarn stage. Example of cross dyeing blue worsted wool
fabric with polyester pinstripes. When dyed, wool yarns are dyed blue, whereas
polyester yarns are white.
Cross
dyeing is usually done with pieces of fabric dyed material. However, the same
concept applies to yarn and product dyeing. For example, embroidered silk
fabric with white yarn can be dyed and embroidered before placing an order to
color the product.
Garment dyeing
Garment
dyeing is also known as product dyeing, it is the process of dying after
making products like hosiery, sweaters, and carpets. This layer of coloring is
appropriate when all elements are colored in the same shade. This method is
used for perfect hosiery dyeing as it is knitted using a tubular knitting
machine and then sewn before dyeing. Dissolved carpets are often dyed after
sinking, excluding carpets made using dissolved dyed fibers. This method is not
suitable for many material garments like lining, zippers, and knitting threads,
as each material can be dyed differently. The exception is to color the jeans
with pigments for a "wine" look. Dyeing is used in tinting, while
chemical or mechanical processes are used in acid-wash and stone-washing. After
garment making, these products are given a “faded” or “used” look by the
finished methods as opposed to death.
Dyeing
at this stage is ideal for quick reactions. Many T-shirts, sweaters, and other
types of casual wear are product colored to respond most to the fashion demand
for certain popular colors. Made from dye fabric to make a few thousand
garments and then sold best in dyed colors.
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