Textile wet processing | Describe some dyeing process in textile

Textile dyeing

Textile wet processing

Textile wet processing is one of the major streams in textile engineering refers to textile chemical processing and applied science. It is usually done on the manufactured assembly of interlacing fibers, filaments, or yarns having a substantial surface area in relation to their thickness, and adequate mechanical strength to give it a cohesive structure.

Textile wet processing

An alternative way to say, the wet process is done on manufactured fabric. The processes of this stream are carried out in an aqueous stage and thus it is called a wet process which usually covers pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing. All of these stages are required an aqueous medium that is created by water. These processes require plenty of water every day. It is estimated that, on average, almost 100-110 liter of water is used to process only 1 kg of textile goods. Water can be of various qualities and attributes. Not all kinds of water can be used in the textile process, it must have certain characteristics, quality, color, and properties to be used in the textile process. That is why wet processing is concerned with water.

Some dyeing process

Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile products such as fiber, yarn, and fabrics. It is usually made in a special solution containing dyes and certain chemical ingredients. Dye molecules have an unnecessary chemical bond with the fiber molecules after dyeing. Temperature and time control pigmentation are the two main factors. There are different classes of dyeing, all types of dyeing are as follows-

Solution dyeing

Solution dyeing is also called dope or span dyeing, it is the process of adding pigment or dissolved pigment to the spinning product before it comes out of the solution through the spinneret solution. Only the fibers produced can be dyed with a solution. It is used for hard-to-dye fibers such as olefin fibers and for dyeing fibers for the final color that require excellent coloring properties. As color dyes become part of the fiber, soluble dyes have good colorfastness for light, wash, abrasion, perspiration, and bleach. Dyeing at the solution stage is more expensive, as the equipment has to be thoroughly cleaned each time a different color is produced. Thus, a small variety of colors and shades is produced. Besides, it’s hard to stock inventory for each color. Color decisions should be made early in the manufacturing process. Thus, this stage of coloring is not usually used for clothing.

Solution dyeing

Gel dyeing

The filament fibers that are made using the wet spinning method can be dyed while the fibers are still in the frozen bath. This method is known as gel dyeing because the fibers are still soft.

Fiber dyeing

Different types of dyeing are done for fiber dyeing. The names are indicated on the stage when it is drawn when the fiber is. All three cover a wide range of fiber dyeing.

Stock dyeing is the process of dyeing raw fibers, also called stock, before they are aligned, blended, and cut into yarns.

Top dyeing is dyeing to remove short fibers after shortening the worse fibrous fibers. This stage is known as the wool fiber top. Top dyeing is preferred for bad fur because the pigment does not have to be wasted on the small fibers removed during the attachment process.

Tow dyeing is the dyeing before the filament fibers are cut into short staple fibers. At this stage, the filament fibers are known as tow.

The penetration of the dye in the fiber dye is great, so the amount of dye to dye at this stage is even greater. Fiber dyeing is comparatively more expensive than yarn, fabric, and garments dyeing. The decision about color selection should be made early in the production process. Fiber dyeing is commonly used to dye wool and other fibers that are used to make yarn with two or more dyes. Fibers for tweeds and fabrics with heather hues are often fibrous hues.

Fiber dyeing

Yarn dyeing

There are different types of yarn dyeing. Common forms are package form and hank form. Cotton yarns are mostly dyed in package form, and acrylic or wool yarn is dyed in hunk form. In the continuous filament industry, polyester or polyamide yarns are always dyed in package form, while viscose rayon yarns are dyed partly in hunk form due to technology.

Yarn dyeing

Fabric dyeing

This is called piece dyeing; it is fabric dyeing after making. This is the most common method of dyeing for fabric that is economical and densely used for coloring. The color decision can be made after the fabric is made. Thus, it is suitable for quick response orders. Dye penetration into dense fabrics may not be good, so yarn dye is sometimes used to dye on dense fabrics. Different types of dyeing machines are used to color the pieces. Equipment selection is based on factors such as dyes and fabric properties, cost, and intended end-use.

Fabric dyeing

Union dyeing

It is a process of dyeing where a fabric containing two or more types of fibers or yarns to the same shade so as to achieve the appearance of a solid-colored fabric. Fabrics can be dyed using single or multiple steps. Union dyeing is used to dye solid colored blends and combination fabrics normally used for apparel and home furnishings.

Cross dyeing

Cross dyeing is a type of dyeing where blend or combine fabrics into two or more shades by the use of dyes with different affinities for the different fibers. The cross-dyeing process can be used to create heather effects and to create plain, check, or striped fabrics. Cross-dyed fabrics can be mistaken for fiber or yarn-dyed materials because the fabric is not a solid color, considered a feature of piece-dyed fabrics. It is not possible to visually differentiate between cross-dyed fabrics and those dyed at the fiber or yarn stage. An example is cross dyeing blue worsted wool fabric with polyester pinstripes. When dyed, the wool yarns are dyed blue, whereas the polyester yarns remain white. Cross dyeing is commonly used with pieces of fabric dyed materials. However, the same concept applies to yarn and product dyeing. For example, embroidered silk fabric with white yarn can be dyed and embroidered before placing an order to dye the product.

Garments dyeing

Garments dyeing is also known as product dyeing, is the process of dyeing products such as hosiery, sweaters, and carpet after they have been produced. This stage of dyeing is suitable when all components dye the same shade. This method is used for perfect hosiery dyeing as it is knitted using a tubular knitting machine and then sewn before dyeing. Tufted carpets, with the exception of carpets produced using solution-dyed fibers, are often dyed after they have been tufted. This material is not suitable for garments with many elements like lining, zippers, and knitting threads, as each material can be colored differently. The exception is tinting jeans with pigments for a vintage look.

Garments dyeing

Dyeing is used in tinting, while chemical or mechanical processes are used in acid-wash and stone-washing. After garment construction, these products are given the faded or used look by finishing methods as opposed to dying.

Dyeing at this stage is ideal for a quick response. Many T-shirts, sweaters, and other types of casual wear are product colored in response to the fashion demand for certain popular colors. Thousands of garments are constructed from prepared-for-dye fabric and then dyed to colors that sell best.

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