Textile printing | History of Textile printing | Methods of textile printing

 

Printing

Printing

Printing is the process of arranging textile fabrics in the form of patterns of pigments, dyes, or other related materials. Although the fabric evolved from hand painting, such methods are also ancient antiquity. There is evidence of printing in India in the 4th century BC and the printing block was found in the tomb of Akhmin in Upper Egypt around 300 AD.

Textile printing

Textile printing is a technique of applying color to specific patterns or designs that are properly attached to the fabric. It is related to dyeing but in the case of proper dyeing, the whole fabric is evenly covered with one color, whereas in printing one or more colors are applied only to specific parts and to highly defined patterns. During printing, wooden blocks, stencils, engraved plates, rollers, or silkscreens can be used to dye the fabric. Colors used in printing are thickened to spread the color by the attraction of rays beyond the boundaries of any pattern or design.

Textile printing

History of Textile printing

Textile printing history was known in Europe through the Islamic world from about the twelfth century and it was widely used. However, European dyes tended to be liquid, which limited the use of printed patterns. Quite large and ambitious designs were printed for decorative work such as wall-hanging and lacquer-cloth, where it was less of a problem as they needed to be washed. As paper became more common, the technology was quickly used to print wood cuttings. The higher fabric was also imported from Islamic countries, but it was more expensive.

In the last half of the seventeenth century, the French were brought directly by sea from their colonies to the east coast of India, resisting the Indian blue and white specimens and giving details of the processes they created alongside them to produce washable cloth. From an artistic point of view, most of the pioneering work of Calico printing was done by the French. From the earliest days of art until the last half of the twentieth century, the productions of French printers Jouy, Beauvais, Rouen, and Alsace-Lorraine, were considered the best in the field of artistic calico printing.

Methods of textile printing

There are mainly four methods of textile printing as block, roller, screen, and heat transfer printing. In each of these methods, the dye is applied, usually as a thick paste, after stabilization, usually by steaming or heating and then washing to remove excess dye. These are below-

Block printing

The block printing process is the simplest, easiest, and slowest of all printing methods. A design is painted, or transferred to ready wooden blocks for printing. Each individual color in the design requires a separate block. A block cutter first builds wood around heavy masses, leaving finer and more delicate work to the end to avoid any risk of damage to it when cutting thicker parts. When finished, the block has the appearance of a flat relief carving, and the design stands out. The finer details, solid cut in wood, are built into strips of brass or copper, which are curved in shape and driven towards the flat surface of the block at the edges. This method is also called coppering.

Block printing

Roller printing

The Roller printing technique is used whenever long runs of fabric are printed with the same design. The modern machine consists of a large central cast-iron cylinder based on the one originally built-in 1783. A dense endless blanket provides stable support for the fabric to prevent unwanted stains on the blanket. Although previously made with cotton fabric, most modern back greens consist of a continuous nylon belt. The back blanket and gray are properly stimulated so that the fabric passes through the machine as the central cylinder rotates. Engraved printing rollers, one for each color, press against the fabric and the central cylinder. The pattern on the top of the roller is arranged on the surface of a copper shell supported on a mandrel. High-quality engraving is essential for good printing each printing roller is supplied with a rotating color-decorated roller, partially immersed in a hole in the print paste.

Roller printing

Screen printing

Screen printing can be a hand operation or an automatic machine process. The fabric is first placed on a printing table, rolled in place, or pinned in gray on the back, and then the design is applied to a wooden or metal frame with a screen made of stretched silk or nylon gauge, on which the design for color is reproduced. Done. This is normally a photographic process, even though hand painting options with suitable resistant blocking paint. A screen is placed on top of the fabric on the table against the registration stop to ensure perfect pattern fitting. The printing paste is poured on the edge of the screen to the operator and it is spread on the surface of the screen so that the color is pushed through the open parts. The screen is removed until the color is applied to the fabric. For the implementation of other colors, the technique is repeated with different screens.

Screen printing


Transfer printing

Transfer printing is a method using copper or steel plates engraved in pottery or any other material from which a monochrome print is taken on paper that is transferred by pressing on a piece of ceramic. The process is used to make engraving or etching on paper in the same way as engraved metal printing plates. Plates are used to print patterns on tissue paper, mixtures of special pigments that stand as “ink” until shot. The transfer pigment side is then placed on a piece of pottery at the bottom so that the sticky ink transfers to the ceramic surface. Typically, a separate transfer section was required for each piece if the design covered the entire object. The piece of paper is either soaked in water or fired, or it burns during the firing. This can be done on or under ceramic glass but the underglaze method gives a much more durable decoration. The ceramic is then polished and shot in one fell swoop to fix the pattern. With overglaze printing, only low-temperature shots need to be fired. The process creates fine lines similar to engraved prints.

Transfer printing


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